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The book discusses the Nile basin from a holistic point of view, giving due attention to its geological history, hydrology, climate, and the full diversity of subsystems like lakes and swamps. It discusses at length the biota of the basin, and derives general conclusions on the biodiversity of the plants and animals that inhabit it. It also examines the effects of human interventions, mainly dam building, but also pollution and eutrophication. It ends with several contributions on the natural resource value of water, and the constraints this imposes on the policies of the riparian states.

Freshwater biology --- Limnology --- Natural history --- Stream ecology --- Watershed ecology --- Ecology --- River ecology --- Freshwater ecology --- Hyporheic zones --- History, Natural --- Natural science --- Physiophilosophy --- Biology --- Science --- Aquatic sciences --- Fresh-water biology --- Aquatic biology --- Nile River Watershed. --- Nile Basin --- Nile River Basin

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Landscape studies provide a crucial perspective into the interaction between humans and their environment, shedding insight on social, cultural, and economic topics. The research explores both the way that natural processes have affected the development of culture and society, as well as the ways that natural landscapes themselves are the product of historical and cultural processes. Most previous studies of the landscape selectively focused on either the natural sciences or the social sciences, but the research presented in African Landscapes bridges that gap. This work is unique in its interdisciplinary scope. Over the past twelve years, the contributors to this volume have participated in the collaborative research center ACACIA (Arid Climate Adaptation and Cultural Innovation in Africa), which deals with the relationship between cultural processes and ecological dynamics in Africa’s arid areas. The case studies presented here come from mainly Sahara/Sahel and southwestern Africa, and are all linked to broader discussions on the concept of landscape, and themes of cultural, anthropological, geographical, botanical, sociological, and archaeological interest. The contributions in this work are enhanced by full color photographs that put the discussion in context visually.

archeologie --- culturele antropologie --- Ethnology. Cultural anthropology --- milieubeheer --- Environmental protection. Environmental technology --- Archeology --- Landscape ecology --- Human ecology --- Ecologie du paysage --- Ecologie humaine --- EPUB-LIV-FT LIVHUMAI SPRINGER-B --- Anthropology --- Archaeology --- Culture—Study and teaching --- Environment --- Balance of nature --- Biology --- Bionomics --- Ecological processes --- Ecological science --- Ecological sciences --- Environmental biology --- Oecology --- Environmental sciences --- Population biology --- Auxiliary sciences of history --- History --- Antiquities --- Human beings --- Ecology --- Primitive societies --- Social sciences

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A research focus on hazards, risk perception and risk minimizing strategies is relatively new in the social and environmental sciences. This volume by a prominent scholar of East African societies is a powerful example of this growing interest. Earlier theory and research tended to describe social and economic systems in some form of equilibrium. However recent thinking in human ecology, evolutionary biology, not to mention in economic and political theory has come to assign to "risk" a prominent role in predictive modeling of behavior. It turns out that risk minimalization is central to the understanding of individual strategies and numerous social institutions. It is not simply a peripheral and transient moment in a group’s history. Anthropologists interested in forager societies have emphasized risk management strategies as a major force shaping hunting and gathering routines and structuring institutions of food sharing and territorial behavior. This book builds on some of these developments but through the analysis of quite complex pastoral and farming peoples and in populations with substantial known histories. The method of analysis depends heavily on the controlled comparisons of different populations sharing some cultural characteristics but differing in exposure to certain risks or hazards. The central questions guiding this approach are: 1) How are hazards generated through environmental variation and degradation, through increasing internal stratification, violent conflicts and marginalization? 2) How do these hazards result in damages to single households or to individual actors and how do these costs vary within one society? 3) How are hazards perceived by the people affected? 4) How do actors of different wealth, social status, age and gender try to minimize risks by delimiting the effect of damages during an on-going crisis and what kind of institutionalized measures do they design to insure themselves against hazards, preventing their occurrence or limiting their effects? 5) How is risk minimization affected by cultural innovation and how can the importance of the quest for enhanced security as a driving force of cultural evolution be estimated?

Social Sciences. --- Anthropology. --- Community & Population Ecology. --- Social sciences. --- Ecology. --- Sciences sociales --- Ecologie --- Anthropologie --- Africa -- Environmental conditions. --- Environmental risk assessment -- Africa. --- Himba (African people) -- Social conditions. --- Human ecology -- Africa. --- Indigenous peoples -- Ecology -- Africa. --- Risk management -- Africa. --- Suk (African people) -- Social conditions. --- Human ecology --- Environmental risk assessment --- Risk management --- Indigenous peoples --- Suk (African people) --- Himba (African people) --- Anthropology --- Sociology & Social History --- Social Sciences --- Social Change --- Anthropogeography & Human Ecology --- Ecology --- Social conditions --- Social conditions. --- Africa --- Environmental conditions. --- Cimba (African people) --- Himba (Bantu people) --- Luzimba (African people) --- Ovahimba (African people) --- Ovazemba (African people) --- Ovazimba (African people) --- Shimba (African people) --- Simba (African people) --- Tjimba (African people) --- Vatwa (African people) --- Zemba (African people) --- Bawgott (African people) --- Hill Suk (African people) --- Pakot (African people) --- Plains Suk (African people) --- Pokot (African people) --- Suks --- Aboriginal peoples --- Aborigines --- Indigenous populations --- Native peoples --- Native races --- Community ecology, Biotic. --- Ethnology --- Nilotic peoples --- Insurance --- Management --- Bantu-speaking peoples --- Risk assessment --- Precautionary principle --- Eastern Hemisphere --- Human beings --- Biocenoses --- Biocoenoses --- Biogeoecology --- Biological communities --- Biomes --- Biotic community ecology --- Communities, Biotic --- Community ecology, Biotic --- Ecological communities --- Ecosystems --- Natural communities --- Population biology --- Behavioral sciences --- Human sciences --- Sciences, Social --- Social science --- Social studies --- Civilization --- Adivasis --- Balance of nature --- Biology --- Bionomics --- Ecological processes --- Ecological science --- Ecological sciences --- Environment --- Environmental biology --- Oecology --- Environmental sciences --- Primitive societies --- Social sciences